Variable | Depressed Mood a | Insomnia a | Headache a | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | [95% CI] | p-value | AOR | [95% CI] | p-value | AOR | [95% CI] | p-value | |||
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | 1 | [Reference] | 1.00 | [Reference] | 1.00 | [Reference] | |||||
Female | 1.60 | [1.30,1.96] | p<.001 | 1.40 | [1.14,1.71] | p<.001 | 2.36 | [1.90,2.92] | p<.001 | ||
Other | 2.23 | [0.87,5.74] | p=.096 | 2.57 | [0.93,7.13] | p=.069 | 1.76 | [0.50,6.23] | p=.383 | ||
Year of study | 0.91 | [0.86,0.96] | p<.001 | 0.96 | [0.91,1.02] | p=.156 | 0.88 | [0.83,0.93] | p<.001 | ||
The COVID-19 pandemic negatively | 1.42 | [1.15,1.76] | p<.001 | 1.27 | [1.03,1.56] | p=.024 | 1.15 | [0.94,1.42] | p=.184 | ||
impacts your quality as a doctor? | |||||||||||
Satisfaction with local | 1.07 | [0.98,1.18] | p=.149 | 1.03 | [0.94,1.13] | p=.491 | 1.13 | [1.03,1.25] | p=.010 | ||
COVID-19 sanitary measures b | |||||||||||
Online teaching | NA | NA | NA | 1.11 | [0.82,1.50] | p=.494 | 1.04 | [0.75,1.45] | p=.808 | ||
Medical school delayed semester | 1.15 | [0.92,1.45] | p=.218 | 1.38 | [1.10,1.72] | p=.005 | 1.28 | [1.01,1.61] | p=.040 | ||
Reduced no. of exams | 0.91 | [0.74,1.11] | p=.344 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Thought about delaying studies? | 2.13 | [1.73,2.62] | p<.001 | 1.64 | [1.34,2.00] | p<.001 | 1.34 | [1.09,1.65] | p=.005 | ||
Negative change in study habits? | 2.10 | [1.73,2.55] | p<.001 | 1.80 | [1.49,2.19] | p<.001 | 1.46 | [1.20,1.78] | p<.001 | ||
Internet satisfaction b | 1.14 | [1.05,1.23] | p=.002 | 1.07 | [0.98,1.16] | p=.115 | 1.18 | [1.09,1.28] | p<.001 | ||
Daily screen time (h) | 1.09 | [1.05,1.12] | p<.001 | 1.08 | [1.05,1.11] | p<.001 | 1.11 | [1.07,1.14] | p<.001 | ||
Increased alcohol consumption | 1.42 | [1.02,1.98] | p=.038 | 1.41 | [1.01,1.95] | p=.042 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Increased cigarette consumption | 1.37 | [0.85,2.20] | p=.191 | 1.92 | [1.23,2.99] | p=.004 | NA | NA | NA | ||
Increased cannabis consumption | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.75 | [1.03,3.00] | p=.040 | ||
Increased antidepressant use | 3.32 | [1.83,6.02] | p<.001 | 1.39 | [0.81,2.41] | p=.235 | 2.03 | [1.18,3.51] | p=.011 | ||
Increased psychostimulant use | 1.84 | [0.85,3.95] | p=.121 | 1.84 | [0.88,3.87] | p=.108 | 1.21 | [0.58,2.50] | p=.613 | ||
Increased use of other drugs c | NA | NA | NA | 1.70 | [0.33,8.76] | p=.525 | 1.70 | [0.31,9.38] | p=.545 | ||
Country | |||||||||||
Brazil | 1.00 | [Reference] | 1.00 | [Reference] | 1.00 | [Reference] | |||||
Chile | 0.74 | [0.48,1.13] | p=.162 | 1.02 | [0.68,1.52] | p=.932 | 1.89 | [1.23,2.91] | p=.004 | ||
Colombia | 0.87 | [0.54,1.42] | p=.585 | 1.47 | [0.93,2.34] | p=.101 | 2.29 | [1.39,3.76] | p<.001 | ||
Germany | 2.00 | [1.24,3.23] | p=.005 | 1.06 | [0.67,1.66] | p=.809 | 2.04 | [1.25,3.33] | p=.005 | ||
Italy | 1.33 | [0.75,2.34] | p=.325 | 1.18 | [0.67,2.05] | p=.571 | 1.55 | [0.85,2.79] | p=.150 | ||
Japan | 0.53 | [0.29,0.98] | p=.042 | 0.43 | [0.23,0.80] | p=.008 | 0.50 | [0.24,1.01] | p=.055 | ||
Mexico | 0.79 | [0.46,1.35] | p=.387 | 2.01 | [1.20,3.38] | p=.008 | 1.47 | [0.84,2.57] | p=.178 | ||
Spain | 1.25 | [0.70,2.22] | p=.446 | 1.70 | [1.00,2.88] | p=.049 | 2.76 | [1.59,4.79] | p<.001 | ||
Venezuela | 0.95 | [0.57,1.58] | p=.841 | 0.75 | [0.46,1.24] | p=.265 | 0.75 | [0.44,1.30] | p=.305 |
a New onset or intensification of depressed mood, insomnia, or headache since the onset of the pandemic. b Satisfaction of internet connection and local sanitary measures was assessed with a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("very dissatisfied") to 5 ("very satisfied"). c Other drugs include cocaine, paste, heroin.
Int J Med Educ. 2022; 13:35-46; doi: 10.5116/ijme.6209.10d6